TENSES

TENSES

Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan waktu dan karakter peristiwa

I.    SIMPLE PRESENT
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas atau kondisi sekarang.
A.    Verbal
Adalah kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya berupa kata kerja bukan be.
Contoh :
(+) S + V1 s/es + O     : Steven studies English
(-) S + Do/Does + Not + Vbi + O     : Steven doesn’t study English
(?) Do/Does + S + Vbi + O     : Does Steven study English
(?) Do/Does + S + Not + Vbi + O     : Does Steven not study English ?
Don’t/Doesn’t + S + Vbi + O     : Doesn’t Steven Study English ?
B.    Nominal
Adalah kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya berupa be
Contoh :
(+) S + is/am/are + 3C     : She is a doctor
(-) S + is/am/are + Not + 3C     : She is not a doctor
(?) Is/am/are + S + 3C     : Is she a doctor ?
(?) Is/am/are + S + Not + 3C     : Is she not a doctor ?
Isn’t/aren’t + S + 3C     : Isn’t she a doctor ?


II.    SIMPLE  PAST
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas atau kondisi dimasa lampau.
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + V2 + O         : Andi spoke English
(-) S + Did + Not + Vbi + O          : Andi did not speak English
(?) Did + S + Vbi + O         : Did Andi speak English ?
(?) Did + S + Not + Vbi + O         : Did Andi not speak English ?
Didn’t + S + Vbi + O         : Didn’t Andi speak English ?

B.    Nominal
Contoh :
(+) S + Was/Were + 3C         : They were diligent
(-) S + Was/Were + Not + 3C         : They weren’t diligent
(?) Was/Were + S + 3C        : Were they diligent ?
(?) Was/Were + S + Not + 3C         : Were they not diligent ?
Wasn’t/Weren’t + S + 3 C     : Weren’t they diligent ?

III.    SIMPLE FUTURE
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas di masa akan datang.
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Will/Shall + Vbi + O     : You will eat banana
(-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Vbi + O      : You will not eat banana
(?) Will/Shall + S + Vbi + O     : Will you eat banana ?
(?) Will/Shall + S + Not + Vbi + O     : Will you not eat banana ?
Won’t/Shan’t + S + Vbi + O     : Won’t you eat banana ?
B.    Nominal
Contoh :
(+) S + Will + be + 3C     : They will be at home
(-) S + Will  + Not + be + 3C      : They will not be at home
(?) Will + S + be + 3C     : Will they be at home ?
(?) Will + S + Not + be + 3C     : Will they not be at home ?
Won’t + S + be + 3C    : Won’t they be at home ?

IV.    PRESENT CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + is/am/are + Ving + O : She is a reading a magazine
(-) S + is/am/are + Not + Ving + O : She is not a reading a magazine
(?) is/am/are + S + Ving + O : Is She reading a magazine ?
(?) is/am/are + S + Not + Ving + O : Is She not reading a magazine?
Isn’t/aren’t + S + Ving + O : Isn’t she reading a magazine ?

B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Simple Present Nominal

V.    PAST CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
(+) S + Was/Were + Ving + O     : Jack was driving Car
(-) S + Was/Were + Not + Ving + O      : Jack was not driving Car
(?) Was/Were + S + Ving + O     : Was Jack driving Car ?
(?) Was/Were + S + Not + Ving + O     : Was Jack not driving Car ?
Wasn’t/Weren’t + S + Ving + O     : Wasn’t Jack driving Car ?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Simple Past Nominal

VI.    FUTURE CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
(+) S + Will + be + Ving + O     : We will be studying English
(-) S + Will + Not + be + Ving + O      : We won’t be studying English
(?) Will  + S + be + Ving + O     : Will we be studying English ?
(?) Will + S + Not + be + Ving + O     : Will we not be studying English ?
Won’t + S + be + Ving + O     : Won’t we be studying English ?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Simple Future Nominal

VII.    PRESENT  PERFECT
A.    Verbal
(+) S + Have/Has + be + V3 + O     : Mary has spoken English
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + O      : Mary has not spoken English
(?) Have/Has  + S + V3 + O     : Has Mary spoken English ?
(?) Have/Has + S + Not + V3 + O     : Has Mary not spoken English ?
Haven’t/Hasn’t  + S + V3+ O     : Hasn’t Mary Spoken English ?
B.    Nominal
Contoh  :
(+) S + Have/Has + been + 3C      : Richard has been lazy
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + 3C     : Richard has not been lazy
(?) Have/Has  + S + been + 3C      : Has Richard been lazy ?
(?) Have/Has + S + Not + been + 3C : Has Richard not been lazy ?
Haven’t/Hasn’t  + S + been + 3C : Hasn’t Richard been lazy ?

VIII.    PAST  PERFECT
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Had + V3 + O     : Ani had written a letter
(-) S + Had + Not + V3 + O      : Ani had not written a letter
(?) Had  + S + V3 + O     : Had Ani written a letter ?
(?) Had + S + Not + V3 + O     : Had Ani not written a letter ?
Hadn’t  + S + V3+ O     : Hadn’t Ani written a letter ?
B.    Nominal
Contoh :
(+) S + Had + been + 3C     : Ana had been happy
(-) S + Had + Not + been + 3C      : Ana had not been happy
(?) Had  + S + been + 3C     : Had Ana been happy ?
(?) Had + S + Not + V3 + O     : Had Ani not written a letter?
Hadn’t  + S + been + 3C     : Hadn’t Ana been  happy ?
IX.    FUTURE  PERFECT
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Will + Have + V3 + O     : John will have bought apple
(-) S + Will + Not + Have + V3 + O     : John will not have bought apple
(?) Will  + S + Have + V3 + O     : Will John have bought apple ?
(?) Will + S + Not + Have + V3 + O     : Will John not have bought apple?
Won’t  + S + Have + V3 + O    : Won’t John have bought apple ?
B.    Nominal
Contoh :
(+) S + Will + Have + been + 3C     : Ana will have been at home
(-) S + Will + Not + Have + been + 3C     : Ana will not have been at home
(?) Will  + S + Have + been + 3C     : Will Ana have been at home ?
(?) Will + S + Not + Have + been + 3C     : Will Ana not have been at home?
  Won’t  + S + Have + been + 3C    : Won’t Ana have been at home ?

X.    PRESENT  PERFECT CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Have/Has + been + Ving     : The baby has been crying
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + been + Ving    : The baby has not been crying 
(?) Have/Has  + S + been + Ving     : Has the baby been crying ?
(?) Have/Has + S + Not + been + Ving    : Has the baby not been crying?
  Haven’t/ Hasn’t + S + been + Ving    : Hasn’t the baby been crying?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Present Perfect Nominal


XI.    PAST  PERFECT CONTINUOUS\
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Had + been + Ving     : Risa had been singing
(-) S + Had + Not + been + Ving    : Risa had not been singing
(?) Had + S + been + Ving    : Had Risa been singing?
(?) Had + S + Not + been + V3 + Ving    : Had Risa not been singing?
Hadn’t + S + been + Ving    : Hadn’t Risa been singing?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Past Perfect Nominal

XII.    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Will + have + been + Ving     : Ricky will have been standing
(-) S + Will + Not + have + been + Ving : John will not have bought apple
(?) Will + S + have + been + Ving     : Will Ricky have been standing?
(?) Will + S + Not + have + been + Ving : Will Ricky not been standing ?
Won’t + S + have + been + Ving    : Won’t Ricky have been standing?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Future Perfect Nominal

XIII.    PAST FUTURE 
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Would/Should + Vbi + O     : They would ride the bicycle
(-) S + Would/Should + not + Vbi + O     : They would not ride the bicycle
(?) Would/Should + S + Vbi    : Would they not ride the bicycle?
(?) Would/Should + S + Not + Vbi + O    : Would they not ride the bicycle?
Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t + S + Vbi + O    : Wouldn’t they be ride bicycle?
B.    Nominal :
Contoh :
(+) S + would/Should + be + 3C     : We would be at the hospital 
(-) S + Would/Should + not + be + 3C     : We would not be at the hospital
(?) Would/Should + S + be + 3C    : Would we be at the hospital?
(?) Would/Should + S + Not + be + 3C    : Would we not be at the hospital?
Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t + S + be + 3C    : Wouldn’t we be at the hospital?
XIV.    PAST FUTURE  CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + would/Should + be + ving     : Nila would be reading Novel 
(-) S + Would/Should + not + be + Ving     : Nila would not be reading Novel
(?) Would/Should + S + be + Ving    : Would Nila be reading Novel?
(?) Would/Should + S + Not + be + Ving    : Would Nila not be reading Novel?
Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t + S + be + Ving    : Wouldn’t Nila be reading Novel?
B.    Nominal : Sama dengan Rumus Past Future Nominal

XV.    PAST  FUTURE  PERFECT
A.    Verbal
Contoh :
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + V3     : Adi would have beaten the dog 
(-) S + Would/Should + not + have + V3     : Adi not have beaten the dog
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + V3    : Would Adi have beaten the dog?
(?) Would/Should + S + not + Have + V3    : Would Adi not have beaten the dog?
Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t + S + have + V3    : Wouldn’t Adi have beaten the dog?
B.    Nominal
Contoh :
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + been + 3C     : Martin would have been handsome 
(-) S + Would/Should + not + have + been     : Martin would not have been handsome
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + been + Ving    : Would Martin have been handsome?
(?) Would/Should + S + not + Have + been +Ving     : Would Martin not have been handsome?
 Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t + S + have + been + 3C    : Wouldn’t Martin have been handsome?


3C

XVI.    PAST  FUTURE  PERFECT  CONTINUOUS
A.    Verbal
Contoh
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + been + 3 complement : Martin would have been 
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + have + been + Ving     : Martin would not have been
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + been +Ving     : Would Martin have been
(?) Would/Should + S + Not + Have + been + Ving     : Would Martin not have been
Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t  + S + have + been + Ving     : Wouldn’t Martin have been ?

B.    Nominal : sama dengan Rumus Past Future Perfect Nominal

(+) S + Would/Should + Have + been + 3C     : Martin would have been handsome 
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + have + been     : Martin would not have been handsome
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + been + Ving    : Would Martin have been handsome?
(?) Would/Should + S + Not + Have + been +Ving : Would Martin not have been handsome ?
 Wouldn’t/Shouldn’t  + S + have + been + 3C    : Wouldn’t Martin have been handsome ?















Reference
1.    Scharmpfer, Betty azar. 1989. Understanding and using English grammar Second edition. New Jersey, Prentice Hall
2.    Franck, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. New Jersey, Prentice Hall
3.    Johan, A. Ghani. 2002. Reading and translation. Pustaka pelajar, Universitas ahmad dahlan, yogyakarta
4.    Teacher, Smart English Course. 2004. Smart supplement course. Pare, kediri, Smart English course.

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